Dear Sir,
I'd like to inform you that in April,
2006, it will be defence of my thesis "The Questions of
History of Georgia and the Caucasus of the XVIII-XX
centuries in the Georgian Emigrant Literature", in the
Javakhishvili Institute of History and Ethnology,
prepared for Full Doctor's degree (Dr.Sci.) in History.
I'm sending you the author's abstract of the thesis (please
see the attached file , VER MÁS ABAJO).
I would be very grateful, if you send me
your reference before the March 31 by fax (number: +995
32 348651).
Thank you very much in advance.
With kind regards,
Dr. Levan Z. Urushadze, PhD
+++++++++
The Ivane Javakhishvili Institute of History and
Ethnology
With the rights of a manuscript
Levan Z. Urushadze
The Questions of History of Georgia and
the Caucasus of the XVIII-XX
Centuries in the Georgian Emigrant
Literature
Specialty- 07.00.02 - Source Studies and
Historiography of the History of
Georgia
AUTHOR'S ABSTRACT
of Dissertation Thesis for the
Scientific Degree of Doctor of Historical
Sciences (Dr.Sci.)
Tbilisi
2006
The present work has been accomplished at
the Department of Source Studies
of the Ivane Javakhishvili Institute
of History and Ethnology.
The scientific consultant: Giuli
Alasania,
Doctor of
Historical Sciences, Professor
Official Opponents: 1. Parnaoz
Lomashvili,
Doctor of
Historical Sciences, Professor
2. Mikheil Samsonadze,
Doctor of
Historical Sciences, Professor
3. David
Malazonia,
Doctor of Historical
Sciences, Professor
Defense of thesis will be held on
"______" _____ , 2006, at "____", on
the session of the Dissertation Council
H-07.02 #2 at the Javakhishvili
Institute of History and Ethnology of the
Georgian Academy of Sciences.
Address: Melikishvili Str. 10, Tbilisi
0179, Republic of Georgia. The thesis
is open for scrutiny and is available at
the library of the Javakhishvili
Institute of History and Ethnology.
The abstract has been dispatched on
"______" ________, 2006
Scientific Secretary of the Dissertation
Council,
Doctor of Historical Sciences
K. Khutsishvili
The General Characterization of the Work
Urgency of the problem Despite the
fact that several works have been
published recently in Georgia on the
distinguished representatives of the
Georgian political emigration, research
of different issues reflected in the
literature of emigrants have remained as
"white spots" until today. How the
issue of the Georgian and Caucasian
history have been reviewed in the
emigrant literature is one of the
abovementioned questions. Research of this
and other questions from this point of
view is extremely significant for the
Georgian historical science. Namely, it
will contribute to the correction of
those gross "mistakes" which had been
made by the so-called "Soviet
historiography" during 70 years of the
soviet domination. All the more, such
distinguished scholars as Mikheil (Mikhako)
Tsereteli, Zurab Avalishvili,
Shalva Beridze, Grigol Peradze, Michael
Tarkhnishvili, Kalistrate Salia,
Markoz Tugushi, Alexsandre Manvelishvili,
Mikheil Mouskheli
(Muskhelishvili), etc. lived in
emigration. The objective of the present
work is to fill the existed gap. Namely,
we have studied how the questions
of the history of Georgia and the
Caucasus of the XVIII-XX centuries were
presented in the Georgian emigrant
literature.
Objective, impartial
representation of the abovementioned topic
is extremely important especially today,
when Georgia has entered the
irreversible path of strengthening of the
national statehood again, when
objective representation of 200 years
history of the Georgian national
liberation movement should play a crucial
role in bringing up of the future
generations with patriotic aspiration.
The objective and goals of the research
The objective of the presented
work is to study how some important
questions of the history of Georgia and
the Caucasus of the XVIII-XX centuries
have been reflected in the Georgian
emigrant literature. Besides the basis of
the source studies used by the
emigrant authors is given as well. For
this purpose we have studied a number
of works of the foreign authors as well
as the documentary sources.
Besides, how the Georgian
emigrant authors reviewed the notion
of a nation, the nations rights and the
question of the nation's
self-determination is shown in the work.
These topics are presented on the
examples of Georgia and the Caucasus.
Significant attention is paid
to the aspects of the history of
relations between the Europe and Georgia.
Scientific novelty of the work In
1990 when we were on official business
trip in France we have collected the
emigrant periodicals and scientific
publications that had been unknown or
less known in Georgia before with the
support of the Georgian Diaspora in
France and the administration of the
Georgian estate Leville.
Very important works of the
noted western political annalists
and lawyers as well as the distinguished
representatives of the Azerbaijan
and the north-Caucasian political
emigration that had been translated by the
Georgian emigrants into Georgian and
published in the Georgian emigrant
periodicals is given in the present work.
The Russian language Caucasian
emigrant journals "Kavkaz" and "Obyedinionny
Kavkaz" deserve some attention
as the articles of the Georgian emigrants
used to be published very often in
them.
Material presented in the
work contains significant information
and considerations about history of the
XVIII-XX centuries of Georgia and
the Caucasus. Particularly often such
questions are discussed as relations
of Georgia and other Caucasian nations
with Russia and Turkey, the Caucasian
peoples' genocide, the attempts of
creation of anti-Bolshevik block by the
Caucasian political emigration, the
question of the Caucasian autochthonic
nation's unity, the historical-legal
evaluation of the Georgievsk Treaty
(1738) and the Russian - Georgian treaty
of 1920, the legal evaluation of
the Kars treaty, etc.
The presented work is the
first monographic research, which
implies the survey of how the significant
questions of the history of
Georgia and the Caucasus of the XVIII-XX
centuries is presented in the
Georgian emigrant literature, how the
Georgian emigrant authors evaluate
so-called "Georgievsk Tractate" of 1783,
the Russian-Georgian treaty of 1920
and violation of both of them by Russia,
the Russia-Turkey so-called Kars
Treaty, the Russian-Georgian and Turkey-Georgian
relations and many other
burning issues.
It is also very important
that many works of emigrant authors
are important primary sources as the
authors are eyewitnesses and
participants of the described events.
As to those representatives
of the Georgian political emigration
presented in this work, it is necessary
to state that: we have concentrated
our attention on those persons whose
activity was unknown or less known for
the Georgian public at large, or on those
aspects of the activity of
well-known emigrants which are unknown or
less known as well. Of course we
have materials on many other Georgian
emigrants too, but we do not write
concerning their activity, as their life
is quite well known in Georgia.
Theoretical and practical importance of
the work The material and the
results of the research given in this
work create a certain scientific basis
that should be taken into consideration
while creating the textbooks of the
history of Georgia and the Caucasus of
the XVIII-XX centuries and while
studying the history of the Georgian
political emigration. Besides, the
results of the research could be used for
conducting the special courses and
seminars at the Institutes or
Universities as well.
Publications 10 scientific-research
works, among them 1 monograph have been
published on the basis of material of the
presented thesis.
Approbation of the thesis material
On 1993-1994 we were elaborating the
following topic: "For the history of the
Caucasian peoples' unity (On the
basis of emigrant literature)" and 4
reports have been presented to the
session of the Department of Source
Studies of the Ivane Javakhishvili
Institute of History and Ethnology of the
Georgian Academy of Sciences.
Besides, in 1998 we organized the
International Scientific Conference
"Genocide of the Caucasian peoples" on
which we presented the report
"Genocide of the Chechen people and
Georgian political emigration".
Structure and volume of the work.
The thesis consists of:
1.. Introduction;
2.. Sources and references overview;
3.. The source studies methods of the
Georgian emigrant authors;
4.. A nation, the nations rights and
self-determination of the nations as
a basis of the national statehood;
5.. Some unknown aspects of the
Georgian emigrants' activity (Ekvtime
Takaishvili and Grigol Robakidze);
6.. The problems of the history of the
Georgian-Caucasian relations;
7.. Some questions of the history of
the Russian-Georgian relations in the
XVIII-XIX centuries and in the first
quarter of the XX century;
8.. Some questions of the history of
the Turkey-Georgian relations in the
first quarter of the XX century;
9.. Some questions of the history of
the XX century of Georgia and the
Caucasus;
10.. Some questions of the history of
the European-Georgian relations;
11.. Conclusions.
The work is done on 312 printed pages;
The List of references is attached
(275 titles).
Contents of the work . The material we
studied includes:
1.. The complete sets of the emigrant
magazines and newspapers:
"Tavisupali Sakartvelo", "Kavkasioni", "Samshoblo",
"Kartlosi",
"Sakartvelo",
"Kartveli Eri", "Sakartvelos
Damoukidebloba", "Sakhalkho Sakme",
"Damoukidebeli Sakartvelo", "Bedi
Kartlisa", "Ornati", "Mkhedari", "Iveria",
"Akhali Iveria", "Tavisuplebis Tribuna",
"Gushagi", "Tetri Giorgi",
"Momavali", "Mebrdzoli Sakartvelo", "Kartuli
Azri";
2.. The works of the distinguished
figures of the Georgian political
emigration: Ekvtime Takaishvili, Zurab
Avalishvili, Mikheil (Mikhako)
Tsereteli, Grigol Robakidze, Giorgi
Gvazava, Victor Nozadze, Shalva Beridze,
Kalistrate Salia, Rapiel Ivantski-Ingilo,
David (Data) Vachnadze,
Konstantine Kandelaki, Petre Surguladze,
Ivane Zurabishvili, Vlasa Mgeladze,
Giorgi Kvinitadze, Solomon
Zaldastanishvili, Ivane (Vano) Nanuashvili,
Grigol Uratadze, Elise Pataridze, Markoz
Tugushi, Tamar Papava, Samson
Pirtskhalava, Isidore Mantskava,
Alexandre Nikuradze (A. Sanders), Alexandre
Manvelishvili, Revaz (Rezo) Gabashvili,
Karlo Inasaridze, etc.
Introduction. It includes urgency of the
topic, the objectives and goals of
the research.
Chapter I - "Overview of the basic
sources and references" The sources and
special references used in the
dissertation are reviewed in it.
Specifically, the works of such
distinguished representatives of the
Georgian political emigration as: Zurab
Avalishvili, Ekvtime Takaishvili,
Mikheil (Mikhako) Tsereteli, Grigol
Robakidze, Samson Pirtskhalava, Varlam
Cherkezishvili, Ivane Zurabishvili, Revaz
Gabashvili, Konstantine Kandelaki,
Giorgi Kvinitadze, David (Data) Vachnadze,
Shalva Amirejibi, Alexandre
Asatiani, Tamar and Akaki Papavas, Vlasa
Mgeladze, Victor Nozadze, Elise
Pataridze, Markoz Tugushi, Alexandre
Tsomaia, Grigol Uratadze, Ivane (Vano)
Nanuashvili, Kalistrate Salia, Alexandre
Manvelishvili, Mikheil Mouskheli
(Muskhelishvili), Isidore Mantskava,
Solomon Zaldastanishvili, Rapiel
Ivanitski-Ingilo, Ilia Kuchukhidze (the
same Mindia Lashauri), Givi
Gabliani, Karlo Inasaridze. We have
considered those historical written
(documentary) sources that had been used
by the Georgian emigrant authors.
The sources that had been included in the
collection compiled by P. Butkov
(P. Butkov 1869) and by Al. Tsagareli
(1891), in the collections: "Documents
and Materials of the history of the
Foreign Policy of the Trans-Caucasus and
Georgia" (1919) also in "The Acts of the
Archeological Commission of the
Caucasus (1868-1870)"and "The Legal Acts
of the Democratic Republic of
Georgia (1918-1921)".
Different works of the
following foreign authors that had been
used in the dissertation are presented in
the chapter as well: R. Duguet, L.
Le Four, Von List, I. Marten, A. D. Smith,
B. Anderson, E. Gellner, P.
Manchini, E. Niss, O. Nipold, G. Gotlieb,
M. Hroch, T. Eriksen, D. Miller,
E. Renan, O. Bauer, A. Pechei, I. Ortega
Y Grasset, S. Telbot, R. Konstanza,
R. Gattrey. Works of the following
Georgian authors have been used as well:
Iv. Javakhishvili, S. Kakabadze, A.
Bendianishvili, A. Menteshashvili, L.
Toidze, P. Lomashvili, N Jorjikia, V.
Itonishvili, I. Inaneishvili, M.
Sioridze, G. Tskhovrebadze, Z.
Davitashvili, V. Guruli, M. Vachnadze, D.
Shvelidze, N. kirtadze, A. Tsotskolauri,
P. Piranishvili, N. Javakhishvili,
L. Javakhishvili, M. Svanidze, Sh.
Goginashvili, R. Grdzelidze, G. Mamulia,
A. Surguladze, K. Surguladze, A.
Aslanishvili, P. Sikharulidze, M. Dgvilava,
E. Narimanidze, L. Saralidze, R.
Tsukhishvili, D. Jojua, N. Tevzadze, E.
Antia, R. Kavrelishvili, D. Chumburidze.
Chapter II - "Methods of source studies
of Georgian emigrants".The methods
of source studies of the Georgian
emigrant authors and the basis of their
source studies are considered in this
chapter. Specifically for this purpose
works of the following authors have been
studied: Mikhako Tsereteli, Zurab
Avalishvili, Samson Pirtskhalava, Ivane
Zurabishvili, Alexandre Asatiani,
Kalistrate Salia, Shalva Amirejibi,
Alexandre Manvelishvili, Petre
Surguladze, Tamar Papava, Data Vachnadze,
Konstantine Kandelaki, Markoz
Tugushi, Victor Nozadze, Elise Pataridze,
Isidore Mantskava, Ivane
Nanuashvili, Karlo Inasaridze, etc.
Several major issues are
emphasized while considering of methods
of source studies and the basis of it: 1.
The notion of a nation, nation's
rights and self-determination issues; 2.
The questions of the history of the
XVIII-XIX centuries of Georgia and the
Caucasus, 3. The questions of the
history of Georgia and the Caucasus of
the XX centuries.
The Georgian emigrant authors
use the following sources while
consideration of the first topic:
Chronicles of the Collection of old
Georgian historical chronicles "Kartlis
Tskhovreba" ("Life of Georgia"), the
work of Ioane-Zosime "Kebay da Didebay
Kartulisa Enisa" ("Praise and glory
of the Georgian language". The X century),
the work of Giorgi Merchule "Life
of Grigol from Khandztda" (VIII century),
the correspondence of the last
King of Kartl-Kakheti (Eastern Georgia)
Giorgi the XII (1798-1800) with the
Russian military figures. Among modern
Georgian and foreign authors they use
works of Ilia Chavchavadze, Niko Marr,
Ivane Javakhishvili, Giorgi
Javakhishvili, Alexandre Javakhishvili,
Ivane Jabadari, Giorgi Zdanovich
(Maiashvili), Niko Khizanishvili, A.
Bergson, O. Bauer, E. Nyss, E. Reclus,
W. Zombardt, P.Manchini, R. Springer, W.
von Freigangs, H. De. Mann, A.
Bailly, H. Spenser, I. Leconte, C.
Huysmans, K. Renner, L.Le Four, J.-J.
Rousseau, F. von List, Von Ulmann, etc.
When reviewing the history of
Georgia and the Caucasus, the
emigrant authors referred to the works of
M. Brosset, Vakhushti Bagrationi,
Al. Tsagareli, To "Georgievsk Tractate"
of 1783, Russian-Georgian Treaty of
1920, Kars Treaty of 1921, the "Acts of
the Caucasian Archeographical
Commission" in many volumes, the
collection published by B. Butkov, travel
notes of E. Spenser, the scientific works
of Ivane Javakhishvili, Simon
Esadze, Giorgi Gozalishvili, Mikheil
Tamarashvili.
Chapter III - "A nation, nation's rights
and self-determination of the
nations as the basis of the national
statehood". In accordance to the modern
understanding the nations, people rights
are the indivisible part of human
rights and basic freedoms. It is an
extremely important question
particularly for those nations, which are
fighting for freedom today.
Besides it is directly connected with
such concept as "Nationalism". The
obvious, unvarnished presentation of this
problem is very important for the
Caucasian peoples.
First of all, definition of
the concept "nationalism" is given,
what is particularly important for
deliberating on the Rights of the
Nations, especially in current, post
Soviet society. During the previous 70
years we used to be convinced that "Nationalism"
is something very
destructive and is equal to chauvinism
and isolationism. They have even
named it as "Fighting Nationalism" and
have given a label of "Bourgeois"
"Reactionary" ideology to it.
In the present chapter of the
work considerations of the
following distinguished representatives
of the Georgian emigration are
given: Vakhtang Tsitsishvili (1937),
Mikheil (Mikhako) Tsereteli (1910,
1956), Grigol Robakidze (1954), Victor
Nozadze (1934), Vladimer Emukhvari
(1937), Isidore Mantskava (1934, 1944),
Spiridon Kedia (1932), Markoz
Tugushi (1952), Alexandre Manvelishvili
(1935, 1955, 1970) and the
distinguished foreign scholars: E. Renan,
D. Miller, B. Anderson, P.
Manchini, D. Korn, P. Trenor, R. Gattrey,
E. Gallner, M. Hroch, A.D. Smith,
G. Gotlieb, T. Eriksen, etc.
It is very notable how the
sense of a nation was defined by the
representatives of the Georgian political
emigration and how they saw the
national statehood and the ways of its
development. It was especially
conspicuous the reflection of Mikhako
Tsereteli, Alexandre Manvelishvili,
Mikheil Muskhelishvili (Mouskheli),
Victor Nozadze, and Kalistrate Salia.
M. Tsereteli offers us his
own definition of a nation, based on
his historical and sociological research:
"A nation is a social
super-organism or a hyper-organism
consisting of a homogeneous or a
heterogeneous ethnic and social material,
which is able in a certain period
of history to create one outwardly
organized common life with its elements,
the single society with all of its
organs: language, religion, morals, law
and politics, - the society with its
special history, type and
self-awareness, with the full
individuality" ("Nation and Mankind" 1910).
The works of Alexandre
Manvelishvili "National Formation of
Georgians" (1955) also implies a very
interesting definition of a nation: "A
nation is the society of individuals as a
result of a prolonged historical
process, ended and fastened together with
the united common spiritual life
and aspirations, with the common
territory and the common political
organization. A series of the spiritual
values have been created on the base
of a common life, which used to promote
rallying and strengthening of the
nation for their part." Then the author
underlines the main factors of a
nation's existence:
1.. Common origin,
2.. Common language,
3.. Common religion,
4.. Common culture,
5.. Common territory,
6.. Relations with other peoples.
A. Manvelishvili denies possibility of
creation of "the one common to all
mankind organism" as this contradicts to
the evolution of a man and society.
On the basis of research implemented in
this chapter we have elaborated our
own definition of the nation: A nation is
community of the people united by
means of unity of common origin, common
territory, history, tradition,
statehood, culture, literary language,
having the characteristic, unique
features. Assembly of nations of the
whole world forms the international
community while the union of the national
cultures forms the world
civilization.
Chapter IV - "Some unknown sides of
activity of the Georgian emigrants. Some
aspects of the activity of distinguished
representatives of the Georgian
political emigration Ekvtime Takhaishvili
and Grigol Robakidze are discussed
in the present chapter, the aspects,
which are unknown for the general
public.
4.1 "The activity of the "Fund of Edition
of the Georgian Archaeological and
Cultural Materials" (1937-1939)". "The
Fund of the Georgian Archaeological
and Cultural Materials" was founded by
the distinguished Georgian historian
and public figure, professor Ekvtime
Takaishvili in Paris in the second half
of 1930-es.
The Fund undertook to carry
out a very important mission: to
bring to light and to publish the old
Georgian relics and monuments
dispersed abroad.
Ekvtime Takaishvili published
the "Address to Georgian
emigration" in the first issue of the
Georgian emigrant magazine "Kartlosi"
in Paris In 1937, where main objectives
of creation and activity of the
above-mentioned fund are formulated very
clearly. Actually creation of this
fund served to the same mission, which
had been undertaken previously by the
"Historical and Ethnographic Society of
Georgia" and even before that by
"The Society for Spreading of literacy
among Georgians".
The Fund's activity was
reviewed in its periodical reports,
which had been published in the different
issues of the emigrant's newspaper
"Damoukidebeli Sakartvelo" of 1937-1939
in Paris.
Using the donated sums the
fund published the following works:
"Archaeological Expedition in
Lechkhum-Svaneti in 1910" (Paris, 1937, 440
pages.); "Archaeological Expedition in
Kola-Oltisi and Changle in 1907
(Paris 1938, 87 pages.); "The Chronicle
of the Kings' and the Catholicos'
souls in the manuscript of Ninotsminda"
(Paris, 1939, 16 pages.) And other
important works published in the western
periodic scientific publications.
The author of all these works was Ekvtime
Takaishvili himself.
In 1929 E. Takaishvili was
one of the founders of the St. Nino
Georgian Orthodox church in Paris.
4.2 "Grigol Robakidze as the Public and
Political figure" . The portrait of
the great Georgian writer and patriot
Grigol Robakidze (1882-1962) as a
political and public benefactor is
represented on the basis of the
publications of distinguished
representatives of the Georgian political
emigration: Ioseb Gogolashvili (1964),
Severian Chirakadze (1964),
Kalistrate Salia (1953), Karlo Inasaridze
(1984) and letters and works of
Grigol Robakidze himself ("The letter to
Irakli Abashidze", "The ruined
soul", "The history of Lamara's
creation", "Appeal to the Georgian
people"). Particularly, his role in the
activity of the parliamentary
delegation of the democratic Republic of
Georgia at the Paris Peaceful
Conference in 1918 and in the foundation
of the Georgian Legation in
Istanbul in the same year is ahown.
S. Chirakadze recalleced the
active struggle of Grigol Robakidze
against the anti-Georgian activity of the
Bolshevik Russia after the
occupation and actual annexation of
Georgia in 1921. ("The fate of Kartli"
Kartli-means Georgia N 47, 1964)
Gr. Robakidze recalleced
himself how had he greeted the national
rebellion in Georgia in 1924. ("The fate
of Kartli" Kartli-means Georgia N
17, 1954)
The writer was the member of
the editorial board of the
newspaper "Sakartvelo" and the magazine
"Kartveli Eri" issued in Germany in
the early 1940-es. He used to publish
different articles on the national
political issues under the pen-name "Givi
Gollend".
The role of Grigol Robakidze
was very considerable in the
activity of the "Georgian Allied Staff"
in liberating the Georgian prisoners
of war from the German concentration
camps. Besides, it has been shown that
acting for liberation of his motherland,
he had never been the member of
Nazi party or served the Nazi ideology as
it had been presented by the
so-called "Soviet historiography"
Gr. Robakidze was the
distinguished representative and one of
the founders (in 1942) of "The Union of
the Georgian Traditionalists",
headed by the Head of the Georgian
Bagrationi Royal House in Europe, H.R.H.,
Prince Irakli Bagration-Mukhraneli
(1909-1977) in emigration.
Chapter V - "Problems of the History of
Georgia-Caucasus Relations ".
Different important issues of
Georgian-Caucasian relations are given in the
present chapter on the basis of Georgian
emigrant literature and other
sources and publications.
5.1 "The question of the unity of the
Caucasian peoples for the history" .
The history of the idea of unity of the
Caucasian autochthonic peoples and
the importance of this unity for the
development of this region from the
standpoint of the emigrants is presented
on the basis of the emigrant
periodical publications: "Obyedinionny
Kavkaz", "Kavkaz", "Kavkasioni",
"Tetri Giorgi", "Ornati", "Damoukidebeli
Sakartvelo", "Samshoblo",
"Sakartvelo", "Momavali" and the works of
the Georgian emigrants: Alexandre
Manvelishvili, Revaz Gabashvili and
Samson Pirtskhalava. This important
question has always been a burning
problem for the Caucasus as Russia and
Turkey always declared their claims on
this region. If at present the
Turkish-Georgian relations has become
more civilized and some indications of
equal partnership are obvious in
different fields, the danger from Russia
still exists and is as great as it was
before.
The history of the movement
for the unity of the Caucasian
peoples from the end of the XIX century
up to the middle of the XX century
as well as considerations of the Georgian
emigrant authors on this problem
are successively presented in the present
chapter on the basis of the
Georgian emigrant literature.
Unfortunately, the historical
past of the Caucasus obviously
shows that the unity of the Caucasian
peoples was possible only when Georgia
obtained a zenith of its power. In other
cases some contradictions and
conflicts used to occur among the
Caucasian peoples that used to make the
accomplishment of that goal impossible.
5.2 "Some questions of the history of the
liberation movement of the
Caucasus in the XVIII-XIX centuries in
the Georgian emigrant literature" .
The subchapter consists of three parts:
1. The liberation movement of the
autochthonic peoples of the Northern
Caucasus against Russia headed by
Sheikh Mansur (the second part of the
18th century), 2. The Kakhetian
rebellion of 1802 and 3. The activity of
Prince Alexandre Bagrationi
(1770-1844), one of the leaders of the
national-liberation movement of
Georgia and the Caucasus in 1800-1832.
The material is fully based on
publications of the distinguished
representatives of the Georgian political
emigration: Alexandre Manvelishvili,
Giorgi Magalashvili, David (Data)
Vachnadze, Shalva Amirejibi, Tamar and
Akaki Papavas.
5.3 "The questions of the history of
Georgia and the Caucasus on the pages
of the Georgian emigrant magazine
"Kavkasioni" . In 1929
"Kavkasioni" -emigrant literature and
scientific magazine was created by the
noted Georgian scholar, public and
political figure, Doctor Victor Nozadze
created in Paris. He has been its
editor-in-chief and publisher until his
death (1976). The first issue of the
magazine was published in 1929 and the
last one the 21 st. issue - in 1986. The
fiction as well as different
scientific works used to be published in
the magazine.
Survey of different works on
history of Georgia and the Caucasus
published in "Kavkasioni" are reviwed in
the present subchapter.
We intentionally review this
magazine as in spite of its
importance it's still less known to the
Georgian readers.
Different articles published
in the abovementioned magazine by
the following distinguished
representatives of the Georgian political
emigration are reviewed in the present
subchapter: Stephane Kasradze,
Ekvtime Takaishvili, Shalva Amirejibi,
Eduard Papava, Victor Nozadze,
Alexandre Shatirishvili, Tamar and Akaki
Papavas, Isidore Mantskava, Raphiel
Ivanitski-Ingilo, Giorgi Nozadze, Razhden
Arsenidze, Markoz Tugushi,
Alexandre Manvelishvili, Akaki
Kvitaishvili, Givi Kobakhidze, Shalva
Beridze, Sosipatre Asatiani, Vakhtang
Gambashidze, David Vachnadze, Elizbar
Makashvili, Severian Chirakadze, Archil
Donauri, Alexandre Tatishvili,
Nikoloz Tokhadze, Dimitri Shalikashvili
(Father of the distinguished
generals of the US Army Otar and
John-Malkhaz Shalikashvili), Ilia
Kuchukhidze (the same Mindia Lashauri),
David Vashadze, Mikheil Kavtaradze,
Giorgi Sharashidze, Karlo Inasaridze.
Chapter VI - "Some questions of the
history of Russian-Georgian relations of
the XVIII-XIX centuries and I quarter of
the XX century . Significant
attantion was paid to different aspects
of some questions of the history of
Russian-Georgian relations of the
XVIII-XIX centuries and the I quarter of
the XX century in the publications and
works of the following distinguished
representatives of the Georgian political
emigration: Ekvtime Takaishvili,
Zurab Avalishvili, Mikhako Tsereteli,
Alexandre Manvelishvili, David
Vachnadze, Victor Nozadze, Alexandre
Tatishvili, Ivane Nanuashvili, Grigol
Uratadze, Markoz Tugushi, Samson
Pirtskhalava, Karlo Inasaridze, etc.
We have basically reviewed
the legal aspects of the
Russian-Georgian treaties of 1783 and
1920 years, violation of these
treaties by Russia, which twice annexed
and occupied Georgia; unknown and
less known information proving the
genocide implemented against the Georgian
people, etc.
As to legal evaluation of the
"Georgievsk Tractate" of 1783 in accordance
with the standards of International Law,
different works of the Georgian
authors Z. Avalishvili, K. Inasaridze,
Gr. Veshapeli, M. Tsereteli, Al.
Manvelishvili as well as the views of the
distinguished foreign scholars in
the field of International Law of those
times Louis Le Four, Otfrid Nipold,
Ernest Niss and Vattel are presented in
this chapter.
As to the 1783 treaties, the
majority of the authors used to
observe that the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti
(Eastern Georgia) had not lost its
status of the subject of International
Law by means of the abovementioned
treaty, but due to this treaty a certain
regime of the limited protectorate
had been established between Russia and
Georgia. The famous European
scholars in the field of the
International Law, professors Otfrid Nipold and
Louis Le Four, the member of the French
Academy of Sciences and others
confirmed the same. But Dr. Karlo
Inasaridze did not agree with them.
According to his view the regime of full
protectorate was established
between Russia and Eastern Georgia and
the Kingdom of Kartl-Kakheti did lost
the status of the subject of
International Law.
Most of the works of the
Georgian emigrant authors as well as of
the above-mentioned European scholars
enable us to conclude that by means of
the Georgievsk Treaty of 1783 the Kingdom
of Kartl-Kakheti had not lost its
status of the subject of International
Law. The analogous situation took
place in February-March, 1921, when the
Bolshevik Russia had occupied and
actually annexed the Democratic Republic
of Georgia (1918-1921) roughly
violating the standards of International
Law.
Chapter VII - "Some questions of history
of the Turkish-Georgian relations
in the Ist quarter of the XX century" .
We have reviewed in this chapter
how different aspects of the
Turkish-Georgian relations of 1918-1920 had
been reviewed in the Georgian emigrant
literature. There are some
considerations on the well-known Kars
Treaty on the basis of which the last
Georgian-Turkish Treaty (of 1992) had
been concluded, the treaty that caused
quite natural resentment of considerable
part of the Georgian society.
From the point of view of
relations with Turkey, the very first
year of the independence after liberation
of Georgia from 117 years of the
Russian domination (1918) turned out to
be the gravest for the country, when
in May-June, 1918, the Turkish-Georgian
Treaty was concluded in Batumi
(Administrative center of the Ajarian
Autonomy of Georgia). According to
this treaty the border between Georgia
and Turkey was defined in accordance
with the Russian-Turkish border
identified in the Adrianopol Treatise.
We should mention the Brest-Litowsk
Treaty, which was made on March 3, 1918.
During preparation process of this treaty
the perfidious character of the
Russian foreign policy as well as
complete unreadiness of the
Social-Democratic government of the
Democratic Republic of Georgia has
become obvious.
The Brest-Litowsk peaceful
negotiations and Treaty were reviewed
by V. Nozadze, Gr.Uratadze, A. Donauri
and other Georgian emigrant authors.
On March 1921 the Bolshevik
Russia passed on Turkey about 13
thousand square kilometers of the
historical Georgian territory: A part of
Batumi district and the territories of
Artvin and Artaani (Ardagani)
districts behind the Georgian people's
back.
Thus, it's quite obvious that
making of a new agreement with
Turkey on the basis of the Kars Treaty
gives Turkey possibility to intervene
roughly in any field of life of the
Ajarian Autonomy, its religious economic
and cultural life. That is equal to
intervention in internal affairs of the
sovereign Georgian state-that is,
absolutely inadmissible. Moreover, Acting
this way Georgia acknowledges itself as
legal successor of so-called
"Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic" in
the field of the relation with
Turkey that is evident nonsense.
Chapter VIII - "The questions of history
of the XX Century of Georgia and
the Caucasus" . Some important topics of
history of the XX Century Georgia
and the Caucasus are reviwed in the
present chapter.
8.1 "Bolshevizm-Menshevizm and the
Democratic Republic of Georgia
(1918-1921) . The fact that policy of
both the Bolshevik Russia and,
unfortunately, the governing Georgian
Social-Democratic Party was
anti-Georgian is shown in the present
chapter on the basis of very
noteworthy data of the Georgian emigrant
literature and the documentary
sources reflecting the history of the
Democratic Republic of Georgia
(1918-1921). Besides the anti-Caucasian
policy of Turkey and Russia, which
had been coordinated between them, should
be mentioned as well. All the
abovementioned circumstances as a whole
stipulated collapse of the
Democratic Republic of Georgia in
February-March, 1921, when the Bolshevik
Russia had occupied and actually annexed
Georgia.
The fact that Georgian Social-democrats
continued their anti-national
activity even in the emigration is
reviewed in this chapter.
A clear example of which
was their participation in the
negotiations with the representatives of
the Russian and non-Russian
(national minorities) emigration in
Wiesbaden and than in Munich. Finally,
the results of the abovementioned
negotiations have been officially
legalized in the resolution signed on
October 16, 1953 in Munich.
"The Coordinating Centre of the
Anti-Bolshevik Peoples" was established.
They signed the Statute of the centre, in
accordance with it the
"anti-Bolshevik peoples" which had been
the part of the former Tsarist
Empire, would have given up the part of
their sovereignty to Russia in case
of victory of the movement.
The distinguished lawyer,
Professor of the Strasbourg
University, famous representative of the
Georgian Political Emigration
Mikheil Mouskheli (Muskhelishvili) wrote
in 1954 concerning this issue:
"Signing of this statute by the Georgians
meant of course that Georgia had
lost the status of the sovereign state,
which Georgia had gained in
1918-1921. It means that Georgia will not
be able to demand its sovereignty,
and independence as its right, which had
been taken away by the illegal
action. Consequently, this means that we
should not speak about restoration
of this right, now we have to speak about
regaining it from the very
beginning" (A magazine "Bedi Kartlisa",
No: 16, 1954).
8.2 "Some questions of history of Georgia
and the Caucasus of the I half of
XX century" . Some significant questions
of the history of Georgia and the
Caucasus of the XX century are reviewed
in the present chapter on the basis
of the works of the following
distinguished representatives of the Georgian
political emigration: Alexandre Asatiani
(1937), Markoz Tugushi (1965),
Kalistrate Salia (1948, 1962), Varlam
Cherkezishvili (1918), Shalva
Karumidze (1935), Victor Nozadze (1965),
Mikheil Tsereteli (1935, 1955),
Revaz Gabashvili (1957), Zurab
Avalishvili (1935) Givi Kobakhidze (1944),
Tamar papava (1967) Solomon
Zaldastanishvili (1938), Valiko Chubinidze
(1953), Ivane Nanuashvili (1966, 1973),
Konstantine Kandelaki (1953), Karlo
Inasaridze (1984), Giorgi Magalashvili
(1954), David Vachnadze (1952, 1954),
etc.
The subchapter is divided
into 3 parts: 1. Struggle of the
Georgian people for the restoration of
state independence in 1900-1917; 2.
The National-Liberation movement in
Georgia in 1921-1924; 3. The tragedy of
the peoples of the Northern Caucasus of
1944.
The activity of Giorgi
Dekanozishvili and his group in the
1900-es, the activity of "The Committee
of Independence of Georgia"
(1908-1918), rebellion of Georgian people
in 1924 and its importance, and
bloody repressions implemented by the
Soviet regime in 1944 against
Chechens, Ingushes and other peoples of
the Northern Caucasus are reviewed
in this chapter.
8.3 "The tragedy of April the 9th, of
1989" . The publications of the
Georgian emigrant press dedicated to
Tbilisi tragedy of April the 9th, of
1989 are review in this chapter.
8.4 "Some questions of the history of
Georgia of the 1990-es on the pages of
the Georgian emigrant magazine "Gushagi"
. In 1973-1984 the magazine
"Tavisuplebis Tribuna" was being
published in Paris, Giorgi Tsereteli, the
distinguished representative of the
Georgian political emigration
(1917-1993) was the editor in chief of
this magazine. Total number of the
published issues of the magazine was 42.
In 1984 on the basis of this
magazine the new magazine "Gushagi" was
created by the same person Giorgi
Tsereteli who became its editor-in-chief
as he had been before. It's
necessary to mention that "Gushagi" was
the beyond party publication and it
didn't serve the interests of any party
or political trend.
Of course, "Gushagi" couldn't calmly
observe the military-criminal coup
d'etat
that took place in Georgia in
December-January, 1991-1992, and the events
that took place after that. How the
abovementioned events have been
reflected on the pages of this magazine
is the topic of this subchapter.
With this purpose the issues of
"Gushagi" from number 27 to 30 have been
reviewed.
It's necessary to note that
its editorial staff took very
principal position with regards to the
coup. G. Tsereteli himself was in
Georgia in autumn, 1991.
The editorial staff of
"Gushagi" was very principal when
evaluating the events that took place
after the coup. It would be enough to
mention their evaluation of the
parliamentary election of October the 11th,
1992: "The elections of October the 11th
was the mockery at democracy. It
promoted neither legitimating of the
State Council nor the political unity
of the Georgian people, what should have
been the main objective of
parliamentary elections".
Chapter IX - "Some question of the
history of relations of Europe and
Georgia" . Several aspects of
interrelations of some European countries and
Georgia are represented in the chapter.
This material is completely based on
the articles published in the Georgian
emigrant press and the certain
publications.
The chapter is divided into
the following subchapters: 1. The
Georgian politologists of the West; 2.
The Georgians in the European armies;
3. The distinguished scholar and writer
Vasili Karist (Vasil
Kharischirashvili); 4. The distinguished
kartvelologist (Andro Gugushvili);
5. The distinguished historian (Alexandre
Manvelishvili); 6. The solicitous
of the Georgian culture (Professor Shalva
Beridze); 7. The true friend of
the Georgian people (Juseppe Motta); 8.
The protector of the rights of the
Georgian people (Jean Martin).
Despite the fact that a
certain part of the Georgian political
emigration did serve in German Wehrmacht
of the III Reich, but their sole
goal was to liberate Georgia from the
Soviet tyranny and not to serve for
the Nazi ideology. So-called "Soviet
historiography" has represented their
activity in absolutely distorted way.
The basic conclusions
1.Considering the notion of a nation, the
rights of the Nations and the
issue of the national self-determination,
the problems of interrelations
between a nation and the state, the
representatives of the Georgian
political emigration (Mikhako Tsereteli,
Vakhtang Tsitsishvili, Victor
Nozadze, Ivane Zurabishvili, Markoz
Tugushi, Isidore Mantskava, Alexsandre
Manvelishvili, Alexandre Asatiani, the
leaders of the Georgian
National-Democratic Party (was founded in
1917) and the National-patriotic
political organization "Tetri Giorgi"
("The White Giorgi") pointed out,
that a nation is a result of a prolonged
historical process, the society of
individuals of the common origin, having
common language, common culture
and faith, and common territory. They
came also to the conclusion that
political system of the state must be
based on the equal rights and duties
of the whole people, whole nation. The
state should not turn into a weapon
of a certain social class, but it should
represent the whole nation,
implementer of its interests and
protector of its rights.
Reaserches of the following foreign
authors (E. Renen, E.Gellner, E-D.
Smith, G. Gottlib, T. Eriksen ect.)
alongside with works of emigrant authors
have been used in the present work. There
is our own definition of Nation
given in it.
2. Those fields of activity of the
distinguished public figure, famous
scholar Ecvtime Takaishvili and the
writer Grigol Robakidze, that are
unknown or less known to the general
public is presented in the work.
Namely, very productive publishing
activity of the prominent historian
Ekvtime Takaishvili, who had published
his major scientific works
("Archaeological expedition in
Lechkhum-Svaneti in 1910", "Archaeological
expedition in Kola -Oltisi and Changle in
1907", "The Chronicle of the Kings
and the Catholicoses in the manuscript of
Ninotsminda", etc.) are reviewed
in the work. All these works have already
been identified as the assets of
the Georgian historical science. As to
Grigol Robakidze, great Georgian
writer and public figure, he is presented
as the public and political
figure.
3. Considering the question of unity of
the autochthonic Caucasian peoples
the Georgian emigrants authors (Victor
Nozadze, Leo and Giorgi Kereselidze,
Mikhako Tsereteli, Revaz Gabashvili,
Alexandre Manvelishvili, Samson
Pirtskhalava, etc.) pointed out that the
main guarantee of the development
and security of the Caucasian people is
their unity, their coordinated
policy that would be based on the mutual
understanding. But, in reality, the
historical past of the Caucasus shows
that, unfortunately, the Caucasus
managed to unite only when Georgia
reached the zenith of her power. In other
cases various contradictions used to
eppear between the Caucasian peoples.
4. The National-Liberation movement of
Georgia and the Caucasus in the
18-20th centuries was one of the main
topics of the Georgian emigrant
authors (Alexandre Manvelishvili, Shalva
Amirejibi, Tamar and Akaki papavas,
etc.). The liberation movement of Sheikh
Mansur, uprising in Kakheti in
1802, the liberation movement headed by
Prince Alexandre Bagrationi
(1770-1844), the son of the King of
Kartl-Kakheti Irakli the II are
reviewed in the present work.
5.Such significant Georgian emigrant
publications as the magazine
"Kavkasioni" (the editor-publisher Victor
Nozadze) was almost unknown for
the Georgian public at large. The
important questions of history of Georgia
and the Caucasus reviwed on the pages of
"Kavkasioni" are represented in the
present work.
6. The questions of history of the
Russian-Georgian relations of the 18-19th
centuries and the Ist quarter of the
20th century, had been deeply reviewd
in the works of the Georgian emigrant
authors (Zurab Avalishvili, Mikhako
Tsereteli, Grigol Veshapeli, Alexandre
Manvelishvili, Markoz Tugushi, David
Vachnadze, Victor Nozadze, Ivane
Nanuashvili, Karlo Inasaridze, etc.) They
paid particular attention to the legal
assesment of so-called "Georkievsk
Tractate" of 1783, the Russian-Georgian
Treaty of 1920, and so-called Kars
Treaty. As to the treaty of 1783, the
majority of the above-mentioned
authors pointed out that the Kingdom of
Kartl-Kakheti had not lost its
status of the subject of International
Law as a result of this treaty and
the regime similar to the limited
protectorate had been established between
Russia and Georgia. Famous European
scholars in the field of International
Law, professor Otfrid Nipold and the
member of the French Academy of
Sciences Louis Le Four had the same
opinion concerning the abovementioned
issue. We have the similar situation in
February-March, 1921, when Bolshevik
Russia occupied and actually annexed the
Democratic Republic of Georgia
(1918-1921). This was the greave
violation of the standards of International
Law as well.
7. Many Georgian emigrant authors (Victor
Nozadze, Grigol Uratadze, Archil
Donauri, Elise Pataridze, Alexandre
Manvelishvili, etc.) examined the
history of Turkish-Georgian relations in
1918-1921. They came to unanimous
conclusion on the bais of the analysis of
these relations: Having come to an
agreement with Bolshevik Russia, behind
Georgia's back Turkey played a very
negative role in the newest history of
Georgia. With the support of Turkey
the Bolshevik Russia occupied and
actually annexed Georgia in February-March
1921. While the Russian-Turkish so-called
Kars Treaty was the obvious
violation of territorial integrity of
Georgia. According to this treaty
Turkey had received about 13 thousand
square kilometers of the historical
Georgian territory, which was rude
violation of the standards of
International Law.
8. The Russian-Georgian relations and,
namely, the relations between the
Bolshevik Russia and the Democratic
Republic of Georgia in 1918-1921, always
were in the lime light of the Georgian
emigration. Besides the role of the
Georgian Social-Democrats (Mensheviks) in
the creation and history of the
first Republic of Georgia are considered
here as well. Of course, we mean
the attitude of the Georgian national
political emigration, which was very
critical towards the Bolsheviks as well
as to the Mensheviks. Significant
attantion is paid to these questions in
the works of Victor Nozadze, Archil
Donauri, Ivane Zurabishvili, Revaz
Gabashvili, Giorgi Kvinitadze, Valerin
Tevzadze, Nikoloz Matikashvili, Mikheil
Kvaliashvili, Alexandre
Manvelishvili, Shalva Kalandadze, Elese
Pataridze, D. Sindikeli, Alexandre
Asatiani, Ivane Nanuashvili and others.
9. Some significant questions of the
history of Georgia and Caucases of the
20th century that had been reviewd in the
works of the Georgian emigrant
authors are represented in the present
work: (Markoz Tugushi, Alexandre
Asatiani, Mikheil Tsereteli, Varlam
Cherkezishvili, Kalistrate Salia, Victor
Nozadze, Shalva Karumidze, Revaz
Gabashvili, Zurab Avalishvili, Givi
Kobakhidze, Tamar Papava, Ivane
Nanuashvili, Alexandre Kargareteli, Shalva
Amirejibi, Solomon Zaldastanishvili,
Valiko Chubinidze, Karlo Inasaridze,
David Vachnadze, Giorgi Magalashvili,
Giorgi Tsereteli). Namely, the
questions of the struggle of Georgian
people for the restoration of state
independence in 1900-1917, the
National-Liberation movement in Georgia in
1921-1924, the tragedy of the
North-Caucasian peoples 1944, the tragedy of
Tbilisi of April the 9th, 1989 are
reviewed. In the process of reviewing of
these topics some of those aspects are
emphasized that were unknown or less
known for the public at large. In
particular, many important details of the
history of the National-Liberation
movement of the Georgian people in
1900-1917 and in 1921-1924.
10. The newest history of Georgia, namely
the 1990es is marked with lots of
significant milestones, which had played
crucial role in restoration of
state independence and formation of
national statehood of the country. (The
first democratic and multiparty,
non-Soviet Parliamentary Elections on
October 28, 1990, the National Referendum
on March 31, 1991 and adoption of
the Act of Restoration of the State
Independence of Georgia on April the
9thof the same year, the first
Presidential Elections on May, 26, 1991).
Unfortunately, the same 1990es were noted
by that villainous event as well
(the military-criminal coup d'etat in
December-January, 1991-1992), which
led to the 12 years dictatorship and
violation of the territorial integrity
of Georgia in 1992-1993. How these events
have been reflected on the pages
of the emigrant magazine "Gushagi" (the
Editor-publisher Giorgi Tsereteli)
is represented in the present work.
11.Some material which clearly illustrate
that the Democratic Republic of
Georgia (1918-1921) maintained close
contacts with the European states and
the Georgian political emigration kept in
touch with the European countries
are reviewed in the present work on the
basis of the Georgian emigrant
literature. Namely, the contribution of
the Georgian political analyst and
military figures to the European
politology and military affair, as well as
productive scientific activity of the
emigrant scholars Vasili Karist
(Kharischirashvili), Andro Gugushvili and
Alexandre Manvelishvili. The huge
services that the remarkable European
statesmen Juseppe Motta (Switzerland)
and Jean Martin (Switzerland) had
rendered to Georgia is reviewed.
The list of published scientific works
concerning the dissertation thesis:
1.. L. Urushadze. About the history of
the question of unity of the
Caucasian peoples.- J. "Amirani", XIII,
Montreal-Tbilisi, 2005, pp. 109-124
(in Georgian, English summary);
2.. L. Urushadze. Prince Alexandre
Bagrationi - the Leader of the
Liberation Movement of the Georgian
People.- "Perspective - XXI", VI
(Studies Volume in Honour of Professor
Mzia Andronikashvili), Tbilisi, 2004,
pp. 278-282 (in Georgian, English summary);
3.. L. Urushadze. Some Questions of the
History of the Russian-Georgian
Relations of XVIII-XIX Centuries and I
Quarter of the XX Century in the
Georgian Emigrant Literature.- J. "Historical
Verticals", Number 7, Tbilisi,
2005, pp. 9-22 (in Georgian, English
summary);
4.. L. Urushadze. About the fighting of
the Georgian People for the
Restoration of State Independence of
Georgia in 1900-1917.- J. "Historical
Verticals", Number 7, Tbilisi, 2005, pp.
44-58 (in Georgian, English
summary);
5.. L. Urushadze. Grigol Robakidze as
the Politician.- J. "Prometheus", 5
(17), Tbilisi, 2005, pp. 172-175 (in
Georgian, English summary);
6.. L. Urushadze. The Activity of the
Istanbul Feri-Kvey Cloister of the
Georgian Catholics in the
Cultural-Enlighten Path.- J. "Religion", 7-8-9,
Tbilisi, 2005, pp. 92-96 (in Georgian,
English summary);
7.. L. Urushadze. Some Questions of
History of Georgia and the Caucasus in
the Georgian Emigrant Literature. Edited
by Prof. G. Alasania. Publishing
House "Ena da Kultura", Tbilisi, 2005,
115 pp. (a Monograph. In Georgian,
English summary);
8.. L. Urushadze. Some Questions of
History of Georgia in the Georgian
Emigrant Literature.- Bull. Georg. Acad.
Sci., Vol. 172, No: 2, 2005, pp.
356-358 (in English);
9.. L. Urushadze. Some Questions of the
Cultural and Publishing Activity
of Academician Ekvtime Takaishvili in
Emigracy.- J. "Historical Verticals",
Number 9, Tbilisi, 2005, pp. 9-14 (in
Georgian, English summary);
10.. L. Urushadze. Some questions of
history of the Turkish-Georgian
relations in the 1st quarter of the 20th
century.- "Historical Studies", VI,
Tbilisi, 2005, pp. 140-148 (in Georgian,
English summary).
Grupo
Manifiesto
Tesis